Wireless Receiver with Axial Ratio and Cross-Polarization Calibration

ABSTRACT

A wireless receiver includes an antenna panel coupled to an H-combined/V-combined generation block, an axial ratio and cross-polarization calibration block to correct for an undesired variation in H-combined and V-combined outputs, and an LHCP/RHCP generation block to produce left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) outputs. The axial ratio and cross-polarization calibration block generates an H-corrected output by summing the H-combined output amplified by a first variable gain amplifier and the V-combined output amplified by a second variable gain amplifier, and a V-corrected output by summing the V-combined output amplified by a third variable gain amplifier and the H-combined output amplified by a fourth variable gain amplifier.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communications, such as satellite communications, utilizeelectromagnetic waves to transfer information between two or morepoints. An electromagnetic wave includes an electric field and amagnetic field that are perpendicular to each other and to the directionof propagation. The orientation of the electric field may becharacterized by its polarization, as the electromagnetic wavepropagates through space. Two common types of polarizations are linear(e.g. vertical and horizontal) polarization and circular (e.g.,right-hand and left-hand) polarization.

When a change in a position of a wireless receiver is made, theresulting undesired variations in the received linearly polarizedsignals cause an increase in bit error rate (BER) in the wirelessreceiver. Accordingly, there is a need for a wireless receiver thatefficiently and effectively calibrates and corrects for undesirablevariations in the received signals.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure is directed to a wireless receiver with axialratio and cross-polarization calibration, substantially as shown inand/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, and asset forth in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a functional block diagram of a wireless receiveraccording to one implementation of the present application.

FIG. 2A illustrates a top plan view of a portion of an antenna panel ofan exemplary wireless receiver according to one implementation of thepresent application.

FIG. 2B illustrates a functional block diagram of a portion of anH-combined/V-combined generation block of an exemplary wireless receiveraccording to one implementation of the present application.

FIG. 3A illustrates a functional block diagram of an axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block of an exemplary wireless receiveraccording to one implementation of the present application.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary method utilized by the axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block in FIG. 3A according to oneimplementation of the present application.

FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of a left-handedcircularly polarization (LHCP) and right-handed circularly polarization(RHCP) generation block of an exemplary wireless receiver according toone implementation of the present application.

FIG. 5 is flowchart illustrating an exemplary method utilized in awireless receiver according to one implementation of the presentapplication.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary wireless communications system utilizingexemplary wireless receivers according to one implementation of thepresent application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description contains specific information pertaining toimplementations in the present disclosure. The drawings in the presentapplication and their accompanying detailed description are directed tomerely exemplary implementations. Unless noted otherwise, like orcorresponding elements among the figures may be indicated by like orcorresponding reference numerals. Moreover, the drawings andillustrations in the present application are generally not to scale, andare not intended to correspond to actual relative dimensions.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, wireless receiver 100 includes antenna panel104, H-combined/V-combined generation block 110, axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 114, and left-handed circularlypolarized (LHCP)/right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) generationblock 118. Wireless receiver 100 may be mounted on a moving object(e.g., a vehicle) or a stationary object (e.g., a building). Althoughwireless receiver 100 is described as a receiver, it should beunderstood that wireless receiver 100 may also function as a transmitterto communicate transmit signals to one or more wireless devices.

In the present implementation, antenna panel 104 is a flat panel arrayhaving a plurality of antennas. When in a reception mode, antenna panel104 is configured to receive one or more signals from a wirelesstransmitter, where each antenna in antenna panel 104 may provide ahorizontally-polarized signal and a vertically-polarized signal, as apair of linearly polarized signals. As illustrated in FIG. 1, antennapanel 104 is coupled to H-combined/V-combined generation block 110, andconfigured to provide linearly polarized signals 108 a through 108 w toH-combined/V-combined generation block 110.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, H-combined/V-combined generation block 110 isconfigured to receive linearly polarized signals 108 a through 108 wfrom antenna panel 104, and provide H-combined output 112H andV-combined output 112V to axial ratio and cross-polarization calibrationblock 114. In one implementation, H-combined/V-combined generation block110 is configured to combine all of the horizontally-polarized outputsfrom the antennas in antenna panel 104 to provide H-combined output112H. H-combined/V-combined generation block 110 is also configured tocombine all of the vertically-polarized outputs from the antennas inantenna panel 104 to provide V-combined output 112V. As discussedfurther below, H-combined/V-combined generation block 110 is configuredto add powers and combine phases of individual horizontally-polarizedoutputs to form H-combined output 112H. Also, H-combined/V-combinedgeneration block 110 is configured to add powers and combine phases ofindividual vertically-polarized outputs to form V-combined output 112V.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, axial ratio and cross-polarization calibrationblock 114 is configured to receive H-combined output 112H and V-combinedoutput 112V from H-combined/V-combined generation block 110, and provideH-corrected output 116H and V-corrected output 116V to LHCP/RHCPgeneration block 118. In the present implementation, axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 114 is configured to correct forundesired variations in H-combined output 112H and V-combined output112V, for example, due to a change in a position of wireless receiver100, such as a change in an elevation angle of antenna panel 104. Inanother implementation, undesired variations in H-combined output 112Hand V-combined output 112V may be due to a change in a position of awireless transmitter (e.g. a satellite) transmitting signals to wirelessreceiver 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, H-corrected output 116H and V-corrected output116V are provided to LHCP/RHCP generation block 118, where H-correctedoutput 116H and V-corrected output 116V from axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 114 are converted to left-handedcircularly polarized (LHCP) output 120 a and right-handed circularlypolarized (RHCP) output 120 b. As a result of calibrating H-combinedoutput 112H and V-combined output 112V using axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 114, H-corrected output 116H andV-corrected output 116V ensure that the combined linearly polarizedoutputs from axial ratio and cross-polarization calibration block 114are converted to circularly polarized outputs (e.g., LHCP output 120 aand RHCP output 120 b) to avoid undesired elliptically polarizedoutputs, thereby reducing bit error rate in LHCP output 120 a and RHCPoutput 120 b of wireless receiver 100.

Referring to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2A illustrates antenna panel 204, which maycorrespond to antenna panel 104 in FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 2A,antenna panel 204 includes a plurality of antennas, e.g., antenna 206 athrough antenna 206 w, collectively referred to as antennas 206. In oneimplementation, antennas 206 may be configured to receive signals fromone or more commercial geostationary communication satellites, forexample, having a very large bandwidth in the 10 GHz to 20 GHz frequencyrange and a very high data rate. In another implementation, antennas 206may be configured to receive signals in the 60 GHz frequency range,sometimes referred to as “60 GHz communications,” which involvetransmission and reception of millimeter wave signals. Among theapplications for 60 GHz communications are wireless personal areanetworks, wireless high-definition television signal and Point-to-Pointlinks.

In one implementation, for a wireless transmitter transmitting signalsat 100 GHz (i.e., λ=3 mm), each antenna in antenna panel 204 in awireless receiver (e.g., wireless receiver 100 in FIG. 1) needs an areaof at least a quarter wavelength (e.g., λ/4=0.75 mm) by a quarterwavelength (e.g., λ/4=0.75 mm) to receive the transmitted signals. Asillustrated in FIG. 2A, antennas 206 in antenna panel 204 may have asquare shape having dimensions of 0.75 mm by 0.75 mm, for example. Inone implementation, each adjacent pair of antennas 206 may be separatedby a distance of a multiple integer of the quarter wavelength (i.e.,n*λ/4), such as 0.75 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.25 mm and etc. As illustrated in FIG.2A, antenna panel 204 includes a total of W spatially separated antennas206. In one implementation, the number of antennas 206 can be as smallas 2. In another implementation, the number of antennas 206 can be aslarge as several thousands (i.e., W=2000). In general, the performanceof the wireless receiver improves with the number, W, of antennas 206 inantenna panel 204.

In the present implementation, antenna panel 204 is a flat panel arrayemploying antennas 206 a through 206 w , where antenna panel 204 iscoupled to associated active circuits to form a beam for reception (ortransmission). In one implementation, the beam is formed fullyelectronically by means of phase control devices associated withantennas 206 a through 206 w. Thus, antenna panel 204 can provide beamforming without the use of mechanical parts.

Turning to FIG. 2B, FIG. 2B illustrates H-combined/V-combined generationblock 210, which may correspond to H-combined/V-combined generationblock 110 in FIG. 1. In one implementation, antennas 206 may beconfigured to receive signals from one or more commercial geostationarycommunication satellites, for example, which typically employ linearlypolarized signals defined at the satellite with a horizontally-polarized(H) signal having its electric-field oriented parallel with theequatorial plane and a vertically-polarized (V) signal having itselectric-field oriented perpendicular to the equatorial plane. Asillustrated in FIG. 2B, each antenna 206 is configured to provide an Houtput and a V output to H-combined/V-combined generation block 210. Forexample, antenna 206 a provides linearly polarized signal 208 a, havinghorizontally-polarized signal Ha and vertically-polarized signal Va, toH-combined/V-combined generation block 210, where linearly polarizedsignal 208 a may correspond to linearly polarized signal 108 a in FIG.1.

As illustrated in FIG. 2B, horizontally-polarized signal Ha from antenna206 a is provided to a receiving circuit having low noise amplifier(LNA) 222 a, phase shifter 224 a and variable gain amplifier (VGA) 226a, where LNA 222 a is configured to generate an output to phase shifter224 a, and phase shifter 224 a is configured to generate an output toVGA 226 a. In addition, vertically-polarized signal Va from antenna 206a is provided to a receiving circuit including low noise amplifier (LNA)222 b, phase shifter 224 b and variable gain amplifier (VGA) 226 b,where LNA 222 b is configured to generate an output to phase shifter 224b, and phase shifter 224 b is configured to generate an output to VGA226 b.

Similarly, antenna 206 w provides linearly polarized signal 208 w,having horizontally-polarized signal Hw and vertically-polarized signalVw, to H-combined/V-combined generation block 210, where linearlypolarized signal 208 w may correspond to linearly polarized signal 108 win FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, horizontally-polarized signal Hwfrom antenna 206 w is provided to a receiving circuit including lownoise amplifier (LNA) 222 x, phase shifter 224 x and variable gainamplifier (VGA) 226 x, where LNA 222 x is configured to generate anoutput to phase shifter 224 x, and phase shifter 224 x is configured togenerate an output to VGA 226 x. In addition, vertically-polarizedsignal Vw from antenna 206 w is provided to a receiving circuitincluding low noise amplifier (LNA) 222 y, phase shifter 224 y andvariable gain amplifier (VGA) 226 y, where LNA 222 y is configured togenerate an output to phase shifter 224 y, and phase shifter 224 y isconfigured to generate an output to VGA 226 y. In one implementation, atleast one of horizontally-polarized signals Ha through Hw andvertically-polarized signals Va through Vw may be phase-shifted inH-combined/V-combined generation block 210 by a phase shifter (e.g.,phase shifters 224 a through 224 y).

As illustrated in FIG. 2B, amplified output H′a from VGA 226 a,amplified horizontally-polarized signal H′w from VGA 226 x, and otheramplified horizontally-polarized signal from other antennas 206 (notexplicitly shown in FIG. 2B) are provided to summation block 228H.Summation block 228H is configured to sum all of the powers of theamplified horizontally-polarized signals H′a through H′w, and combineall of the phases of the amplified horizontally-polarized signals H′athrough H′w, to provide H-combined output 212H. In addition, amplifiedvertically-polarized signal V′a from VGA 226 b, amplifiedvertically-polarized signal V′w from VGA 226 y, and other amplifiedvertically-polarized signals from other antennas 206 (not explicitlyshown in FIG. 2B) are provided to summation block 228V. Summation block228V is configured to sum all of the powers of the amplifiedvertically-polarized signals V′a through V′w, and combine all of thephases of the amplified vertically-polarized signals V′a through V′w, toprovide V-combined output 212V.

Referring to FIG. 3A, FIG. 3A illustrates axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 314, which may correspond to axialratio and cross-polarization calibration block 114 in FIG. 1. In thepresent implementation, axial ratio and cross-polarization calibrationblock 314 is configured to receive H-combined output 312H and V-combinedoutput 312V, and generate V-corrected output 316V and H-corrected output316H. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, axial ratio and cross-polarizationcalibration block 314 is configured to generate V-corrected output 316Vthrough summation block 332 a by summing V-combined output 312Vamplified by variable gain amplifier (VGA) 330 a and H-combined output312H amplified by variable gain amplifier (VGA) 330 c. In addition,axial ratio and cross-polarization calibration block 314 is configuredto generate H-corrected output 316H through summation block 332 b bysumming H-combined output 312H amplified by variable gain amplifier(VGA) 330 d and V-combined output 312V amplified by variable gainamplifier (VGA) 330 b. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, VGAs 330 a, 330 b, 330c and 330 d may have respective gains of M, N′, N and M′.

In order to generate pure circular polarized signals based on linearlypolarized signals, the linearly polarized V-combined output 312V andH-combined output 312H, which may have been distorted due to, forexample, a change in a position of a wireless receiver (e.g., wirelessreceiver 100 in FIG. 1) relative to a wireless transmitter, need to becalibrated to correct for undesired variations in the H-combined andV-combined outputs. Without any undesired variation, V-combined output312V and H-combined output 312H would have the same amplitude and be 90°out of phase. However, due to undesired variations, V-combined output312V and H-combined output 312H may be distorted, such that theconversion of V-combined output 312V and H-combined output 312H mayresult in elliptically polarized signals, as opposed to pure circularlypolarized signals. Thus, V-combined output 312V and H-combined output312H need to be calibrated so that the corrected signals, e.g.,H-corrected output 316H and V-corrected output 316V, may be converted topure circularly polarized signals, for example, as intended bycommercial geostationary communications.

Referring to FIG. 3B, V-combined output 312V and H-combined output 312H,which are the combined H and V signals received, for example, byantennas 206 in FIG. 2B, need be converted to V-corrected output 316Vand H-corrected output 316H, respectively. The relationship betweenV-combined output 312V and H-combined output 312H and V-corrected output316V and H-corrected output 316H may be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{comb}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{comb}.}}\end{bmatrix} = {A \times \begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{crt}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{crt}.}}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (1)}\end{matrix}$

where A is a matrix,

$\begin{matrix}{A = \begin{bmatrix}\alpha & \beta \\\beta^{\prime} & \alpha^{\prime}\end{bmatrix}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (2)}\end{matrix}$

In matrix A,

$\begin{matrix}{{{{Axial}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \approx \frac{\alpha}{\alpha^{\prime}}}{and}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (3)} \\{{{Cross}\text{-}{Polarization}} \approx \frac{\alpha}{\beta}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (4)}\end{matrix}$

If not corrected, V-combined output 312V and H-combined output 312Hwould be converted to elliptically polarized signals, as opposed to purecircularly polarized signals, which may increase the bit error rate(BER) in the wireless receiver. In order to correct V-combined output312V and H-combined output 312H to restore V-corrected output 316V andH-corrected output 316H, the following equation can be used:

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{crt}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{crt}.}}\end{bmatrix} = {A^{- 1} \times \begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{comb}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{comb}.}}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (5)}\end{matrix}$

Where A⁻¹ is a correction matrix:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{A^{- 1} = {\frac{1}{{\alpha \cdot \alpha^{\prime}} - {\beta \cdot \beta^{\prime}}}\begin{bmatrix}\alpha^{\prime} & {- \beta} \\{- \beta^{\prime}} & \alpha\end{bmatrix}}} \\{= \begin{bmatrix}M & N \\N^{\prime} & M^{\prime}\end{bmatrix}}\end{matrix} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (6)}\end{matrix}$

Equation (5) can be expanded as:

$\begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{crt}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{crt}.}}\end{bmatrix} = {{\begin{bmatrix}M & N \\N^{\prime} & M^{\prime}\end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix}{V\text{-}{{comb}.}} \\{H\text{-}{{comb}.}}\end{bmatrix}} = \begin{bmatrix}{M \times V\text{-}{{comb}.{+ N}} \times H\text{-}{{comb}.}} \\{N^{\prime} \times V\text{-}{{comb}.{+ M^{\prime}}} \times H\text{-}{{comb}.}}\end{bmatrix}}$

Thus, V-corrected output 316V=M×V-combined output 312V+N×H-combinedoutput 312H, and H-corrected output 316H=N′×V-combined output312V+M′×H-combined output 312H.

As can be seen in FIG. 3A, the respective gains of VGAs 330 a, 330 b,330 c and 330 d are M, N′, N and M′, which correspond to M, N′, N andM′, respectively, in correction matrix A⁻¹ above. After implementinggains M, N′, N and M′ in VGAs 330 a, 330 b, 330 c and 330 d,respectively, in FIG. 3A, axial ratio and cross-polarization calibrationblock 314 is generates V-corrected output 316V and H-corrected output316H, which may be subsequently converted to pure circularly polarizedsignals. Thus, gains M, N′, N and M′ in respective VGAs 330 a, 330 b,330 c and 330 d are configured to reduce bit error rate in the LHCP andRHCP outputs of the wireless receiver.

It is noted that α, α′, β, and β′ are determined as a result of testingand measuring response of H-combined/V-combined generation block 210using incident test waves, in a manner set forth below:

-   -   (1) All amplifiers such as LNA 222 a and/or VGA 226 a, and LNA        222 x and/or VGA 226 x in the Horizontal paths, i.e. paths        connected to horizontally-polarized signals Ha through Hw from        antennas 206 a through 206 w, are turned off and the output        powers of V-combined 212V and H-combined 212H are measured while        the antenna panel is receiving a first incident test wave        (“first test wave”). The ratio of V-combined output power (first        test wave)/H-combined output power (first test wave) is the        ratio ofα/β.    -   (2) All amplifiers such as LNA 222 b and/or VGA 226 b, and LNA        222 y and/or VGA 226 y in the Vertical paths, i.e. paths        connected to vertically-polarized signals Va through Vw from        antennas 206 a through 206 w, are turned off and the output        powers of V-combined 212V and H-combined 212H are measured using        a second incident test wave (“second test wave”). The ratio of        V-combined output power (second test wave)/H-combined output        power (second test wave) is the ratio of α′/β′.    -   (3)The ratio of V-combined output power (first test        wave)/V-combined output power (second test wave) is the ratio of        α/α′.    -   (4) The ratio of H-combined output power (first test        wave)/H-combined output power (second test wave) is the ratio of        β/β′.

It is also noted that the first test wave and the second test wave usedin the above measurements may have different characteristics, i.e. maybe different in power, direction, phase, etc. . . . , or may haveidentical characteristics, i.e. may be the same in power, direction,phase, etc. . . .

Referring to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates LHCP/RHCP generation block 418,which may correspond to LHCP/RHCP generation block 118 in FIG. 1. In thepresent implementation, LHCP/RHCP generation block 418 is configured toreceive H-corrected output 416H and V-corrected output 416V, andgenerate left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) output 420 a andright-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) output 420 b. As illustrated inFIG. 4, LHCP/RHCP generation block 418 is configured to generate LHCPoutput 420 a by summing 90° phase shifted H-corrected output 416H andV-corrected output 416V using summation block 444 a. LHCP/RHCPgeneration block 418 is also configured to generate RHCP output 420 b bysumming 90° phase shifted V-corrected output 416V and H-corrected output416H using summation block 444 b. In one implementation, H-correctedoutput 416H and V-corrected output 416V in FIG. 4 may correspond toH-corrected output 316H and V-corrected output 316V of axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 314 in FIG. 3A, where H-correctedoutput 416H and V-corrected output 416V may have the same amplitude anda 90° phase difference. Consequently, H-corrected output 416H andV-corrected output 416V ensure that LHCP output 420 a and RHCP output420 b of LHCP/RHCP generation block 418 are pure circularly polarizedsignals, which may be subsequently converted to digital signals forsignal processing.

Referring now to FIG. 5, FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplarymethod for use in a wireless receiver according to one implementation ofthe present application. Certain details and features have been left outof the flowchart that are apparent to a person of ordinary skill in theart. For example, an action may consist of one or more subactions asknown in the art. Actions 550, 552 and 554 shown in flowchart 500 aresufficient to describe one implementation of the present inventiveconcepts, other implementations of the present inventive concepts mayutilize actions different from those shown in flowchart 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, action 550 includes generating an H-combinedoutput and a V-combined output based on signals received from an antennapanel. With reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, H-combined/V-combinedgeneration block 210, which may correspond to H-combined/V-combinedgeneration block 110 in FIG. 1, generates H-combined output 212H andV-combined output 212V based on signals received from an antenna panelhaving antennas 206, as discussed above.

As shown in FIG. 5, action 552 includes calibrating the H-combinedoutput and the V-combined output based on an axial ratio andcross-polarization to provide an H-corrected output and a V-correctedoutput. With reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 314, which may correspond to axialratio and cross-polarization calibration block 114 in FIG. 1, generatesH-corrected output 316H and V-corrected output 316V based on the axialratio and cross-polarization of H-combined output 312H and V-combinedoutput 312V, as discussed above.

As further shown in FIG. 5, action 554 includes generating a left-handedcircularly polarized (LHCP) output and a right-handed circularlypolarized (RHCP) output based on the H-corrected output and theV-corrected output. With reference to FIG. 4, LHCP/RHCP generation block418, which may correspond to LHCP/RHCP generation block 118 in FIG. 1,generates LHCP output 420 a and RHCP output 420 b based on H-correctedoutput 416H and V-corrected output 416V, as discussed above.

Referring now to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary wirelesscommunications system adopting axial ratio and cross-polarizationcalibration according to one implementation of the present application.As illustrated in FIG. 6, wireless transmitter 660 (e.g., satellite) isconfigured to transmit signals to various targeted wireless receivers,such as wireless receiver 605 a mounted on car 603 a, wireless receiver605 b mounted on recreational vehicle 603 b, wireless receiver 605 cmounted on airplane 603 c and wireless receiver 605 d mounted on house603 d. It should be understood that car 603 a, recreational vehicle 603b and airplane 603 c may each be moving, thereby causing a change inposition of corresponding wireless receivers 605 a through 605 c. Itshould be understood that, although house 603 d can be stationary, therelative position of wireless receiver 605 d to wireless transmitter 660may also change, for example, due to wind or other factors. In thepresent implementation, wireless receivers 605 a through 605 d may eachcorrespond to wireless receiver 100 in FIG. 1, where axial ratio andcross-polarization calibration block 114 is configured to calibrate andcorrect for undesired variations in the received linearly polarizedsignals, as discussed above.

From the above description it is manifest that various techniques can beused for implementing the concepts described in the present applicationwithout departing from the scope of those concepts. Moreover, while theconcepts have been described with specific reference to certainimplementations, a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognizethat changes can be made in form and detail without departing from thescope of those concepts. As such, the described implementations are tobe considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Itshould also be understood that the present application is not limited tothe particular implementations described above, but many rearrangements,modifications, and substitutions are possible without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A wireless receiver comprising: an antenna panelcoupled to an H-combined/V-combined generation block; an H-combinedoutput from said H-combined/V-combined generation block; a V-combinedoutput from said H-combined/V-combined generation block; an axial ratioand cross-polarization calibration block to correct for an undesiredvariation in said H-combined and V-combined outputs; an LHCP/RHCPgeneration block to produce left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) andright-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) outputs; wherein said axialratio and cross-polarization calibration block generates an H-correctedoutput by summing said H-combined output amplified by a first variablegain amplifier and said V-combined output amplified by a second variablegain amplifier.
 22. The wireless receiver of claim 21 wherein a gain ofeach of said first and second variable gain amplifiers is determined soas to reduce bit error rate in said LHCP and RHCP outputs of saidwireless receiver.
 23. The wireless receiver of claim 21 wherein saidaxial ratio and cross-polarization calibration block generates aV-corrected output by summing said V-combined output amplified by athird variable gain amplifier and said H-combined output amplified by afourth variable gain amplifier.
 24. The wireless receiver of claim 23wherein a gain of each of said third and fourth variable gain amplifiersis determined so as to reduce bit error rate in said LHCP and RHCPoutputs of said wireless receiver.
 25. A method for use in a wirelessreceiver, said method comprising: generating an H-combined output and aV-combined output based on signals received from an antenna panel;calibrating said H-combined output and said V-combined output based onan axial ratio and cross-polarization to correct for an undesiredvariation in said H-combined and V-combined outputs; generatingleft-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-handed circularlypolarized (RHCP) outputs; generating an H-corrected output by summingsaid H-combined output amplified by a first variable gain amplifier andsaid V-combined output amplified by a second variable gain amplifier.26. The method of claim 25 wherein a gain of each of said first andsecond variable gain amplifiers is determined so as to reduce bit errorrate in said LHCP and RHCP outputs of said wireless receiver.
 27. Themethod of claim 25 further comprising generating a V-corrected output bysumming said V-combined output amplified by a third variable gainamplifier and said H-combined output amplified by a fourth variable gainamplifier.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein a gain of each of saidthird and fourth variable gain amplifiers is determined so as to reducebit error rate in said LHCP and RHCP outputs of said wireless receiver.